Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV) causes bronchiolitis, a disease which occurs almost exclusively in infants. Most cases strike between 2 and 6 months of age, and 80 percent occur in children under the age of 1 year. It is rare after the age of 3.

Bronchiolitis is an infection of the small airways. It is very contagious, and initial symptoms are similar to a cold: fever, runny nose and cough. Over three to four days, however, wheezing and rapid breathing may develop. If the illness is severe enough, oxygen exchange may diminish.

Diagnosis is generally made by nasal swab. Chest X-rays will support, but not make, the diagnosis.

Treatment is supportive: oxygen administration is very important if blood oxygen levels are low, and sometimes an antiviral nebulizer will help. Occasionally medicines used for asthma patients may help, but usually only if the child is asthmatic. Antibiotics and steroids are not helpful. Rarely, infants may need to be briefly placed on a ventilator. While the disease can be severe, it is almost never fatal. It is worst in infants with pre-existing heart or lung problems. Almost all children recover fully with no lasting effects.

Vaccination is available to prevent RSV, but it is relatively new, and the full extent of the protection is not yet known. The decision for or against vaccination is best discussed individually with your physician.

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